LRP1B in cancer: From a mutation landscape to predictive biomarkers for precision oncology

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1B (LRP1B) is one of the most frequently mutated genes across a wide range of malignancies and has garnered increasing attention owing to its crucial role in tumorigenesis and clinical outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that LRP1B mutations not only disrupt essential cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, and genomic stability but also significantly impact antigen presentation, modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment, and responses to immunotherapy. These findings highlight its substantial biological and clinical significance. Notably, the mutational landscape of LRP1B exhibits marked tissue specificity and molecular subtype heterogeneity, which may influence the efficacy of immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and cytotoxic chemotherapy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the mutation patterns, mechanistic functions, immunological roles, and therapeutic predictive value of LRP1B across various cancer types, with the aim of supporting its development as a biomarker and therapeutic target in precision oncology.