Organic nanoplatforms for metallodrugs delivery: Current advances in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a formidable global health challenge, with over 1.14 million new cases and 538,000 deaths estimated in 2022. The multifactorial nature of CRC carcinogenesis limits conventional therapies, thus demanding innovative treatment approaches. Metallodrugs have emerged as promising anticancer agents due to their unique physicochemical properties and unique mechanisms of action. However, their clinical translation is hindered by poor aqueous solubility, limited stability, and significant systemic toxicity. This comprehensive review examines the integration of organic nanoparticles and biomimetic smart nanocarriers to overcome metallodrug limitations in CRC therapy. We systematically analyse three major nanocarrier classes: lipid-based systems, protein-based platforms, and polymeric carriers. Critical evaluation criteria encompass synthesis complexity, scalability, biocompatibility, and translational feasibility. Each nanocarrier offers exclusive advantages: liposomes provide clinical maturity, protein nanoparticles present exceptional biocompatibility, and polymeric systems enable superior customization. Current preclinical successes demonstrate remarkable therapeutic improvements, with several candidates advancing to clinical evaluation. Although widespread impact is expected to happen gradually, ongoing developments continue to show promise. Advances in manufacturing scalability and long-term safety will be some critical points for the progress of these nanotherapeutic strategies for CRC management.