Light emitting diodes technology-based photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) for dermatology and aesthetics: Recent applications, challenges, and perspectives

Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) is a novel modality using irradiation with light-power-intensity light. Recently, applications of PBMT have been broadened to thousands of people around the world for various medical conditions and dermatological conditions. Normally, light sources used in PBMT are non-coherent light (Light Emitting Diodes-LED) or coherent light (lasers). LED-light-source-based devices offer several advantages compared with laser devices, including ease of home use, simultaneous irradiation of a large area of tissue, availability for wearable devices, much lower price, and enhanced safety. Thus, various LED-based devices for dermatological and cosmetics applications have been designed and developed and sold on the global market. However, LED therapy still confronts many challenges that limit its applications and cause human-health concerns. Herein, we provide a critical review of the various applications of LED therapy in the fields of dermatology and beauty: skin rejuvenation, acne treatment, scarring prevention, hair restoration, fat reduction and cellulite treatment, and tooth whitening. Also, the challenges to the development of LED therapy and its action mechanisms are identified and discussed in detail. Additionally, future perspectives for development of LED light phototherapy are pointed.