Comparison of electromyography, sound, bioimpedance, and high-resolution manometry for differentiating swallowing and vocalization events

HRM, EMG, sound, and bioimpedance have fairly reliable discrimination capabilities for swallowing and non-swallowing events. User experience with EMG may increase identification and interrater reliability. Non-invasive sound, bioimpedance, and EMG are potential methods for counting swallowing events in screening for dysphagia, although further study is needed.