Simultaneous reinforcement and toughening methods and mechanisms of thermosets: a review

, as well as changing the network structure by introducing hyperbranched polymers, constructing topological network structures, and introducing sacrificial bonds. Finally, the future directions and challenges of high-performance thermosets are summarized and proposed. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in the methods and mechanisms of synchronous reinforcement and toughening of thermosets, providing guidance for their applications in various high-tech, sustainable, and emerging fields.