Advances and Challenges in X-ray-Excited Scintillators and Their Biomedical Applications: Current Insights and Future Directions

This review explores the pivotal role of scintillators in biomedical applications, with a particular emphasis on their utilization in the context of X-ray excitation. It commences with an in-depth analysis of the two predominant categories of scintillators: inorganic and organic, meticulously delineating their distinctive properties and respective applications. The discourse subsequently advances to explore the critical biomedical applications of X-ray-excited scintillators (XESs), underscoring significant advancements in medical imaging, radiation detection, and dosimetry. Moreover, the review identifies prevailing challenges and limitations in the deployment of these scintillators for biomedical purposes, thereby establishing a robust foundation for ongoing research endeavors. The review outlines potential research directions, advocating for interdisciplinary collaborations to overcome existing barriers. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying areas for future investigation, this review aims to guide researchers in enhancing the efficacy and application of scintillators in biomedical science.