Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of Salinity Tolerance in Response to Foliar Application of β-Alanine in Cotton Seedlings

Salinity is amongst the serious abiotic stresses cotton plants face, impairing crop productivity. Foliar application of β-alanine is employed to improve salt tolerance in various crops, but the exact mechanism behind it is not yet completely understood. An advanced line SDS-01 of upland cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. was utilized to determine its salt tolerance. Foliar treatment with the β-alanine solution at different concentrations was applied to the seedlings stressed with 0.8% NaCl solution. On the 10th day of treatment, samples were collected for transcriptome and metabolome analyses. β-alanine solution at a concentration of 25 mM was found to be the best treatment with the lowest mortality rate and highest plant height and above-ground biomass under salt stress. Both differentially expressed genes and accumulated metabolites analyses showed improved tolerance of treated seedlings. The photosynthetic efficiency improved in seedlings due to higher expression of photosynthesis-antenna proteins and activation of hormones signal transduction after treatment with β-alanine. Highly expressed transcription factors observed were MYB, HD-ZIP, ARF, MYC, EREB, DELLA, ABF, H2A, H4, WRKY, and HK involved in the positive regulation of salinity tolerance in β-alanine-treated seedlings. Furthermore, compared to the control, the high accumulation of polyamines, coumarins, organic acids, and phenolic compounds in the β-alanine-treated seedlings helped regulate cellular antioxidant (glutathione and L-Cysteine) production. Hence, to improve salt tolerance and productivity in cotton, foliar application of β-alanine at the seedling stage can be a valuable management practice.