Icariin as a therapeutic agent in breast cancer: modulating apoptosis and suppressing proliferation

evidence on icariin's pharmacological effects in breast cancer models. We highlight advances in nanoformulation approaches to improve their bioavailability and identify critical knowledge gaps. This review aims to guide future research toward optimized delivery systems and well-designed clinical trials by integrating mechanistic insights with formulation science. Ultimately, elucidating the full therapeutic profile of icariin will inform its incorporation into complementary and integrative oncology regimens, potentially improving outcomes for patients with diverse breast cancer subtypes.