All the menisco‐ligamentary structures of the medial plane play a significant role in controlling anterior tibial translation and tibial rotation of the knee. Cadaveric study of 29 knees with the Dyneelax® laximeter

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to determine the respective roles of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the different components of the medial plane in the control of anterior tibial translation and internal and external tibial rotation. Methods Twenty‐nine fresh lower limbs, disarticulated at the hip, were tested in the anatomy laboratory. The following structures were isolated: the ACL, the anteromedial retinaculum (AMR), the medial collateral ligament (superficial and deep MCL), the posterior medial capsule (PMC) and the posterior horn of the medial meniscus (PHMM). The lower limb was positioned at 30° of flexion on the Dyneelax® laximeter (0.1 mm and 0.1° accuracies) and underwent anterior loads up to 200 N and internal and external tibial rotations sectioned from front to back. and the knee was then retested. The results were presented as relative gains in translation and rotations for each structure. Student's t test and Wilcoxon tests were used. Results The relative gains in translation for the ACL, AMR, superficial MCL, deep MCL, PMC and PHMM, respectively, were 42.9%, 6.7%, 7.4%, 6%, 7.5% and 11.6%. The relative gains in internal rotation for ACL, AMR, superficial MCL, deep MCL, PMC and PHMM, respectively, were 13%, 6.9%, 4.6%, 3.9%, 13% and 8%. The relative gains in external rotation for ACL, AMR, superficial MCL, deep MCL, PMC and medial meniscus, respectively, were 8.9%, 6%, 9.7%, 13.8%,11.2% and 8.5%. All the relative gains in translation, internal and external rotations were significant at each step of transection ( p < 0.01). Conclusions The ligamentous structures of the medial plane constitute a functional unit in which each component has a specific passive contribution. This study highlights the importance of recognising the extent of the medial ligament tears and performing a medial side anatomic and individual reconstruction and a suture of a ramp lesion, in addition to an ACL surgery.