Tree-Species Classification and Individual-Tree-Biomass Model Construction Based on Hyperspectral and LiDAR Data

Accurate classification of tree species is essential for forest resource monitoring, management, and conservation. Based on the classification of tree species, the biomass model at the individual-tree scale of each tree species can be accurately estimated, which can improve the estimation efficiency of individual-tree biomass. In this study, we first extracted four categories of indicators: canopy height model, spectral features, vegetation indices, and texture features from airborne-laser-scanning (ALS) data and hyperspectral data. We used these features as inputs to the random forest algorithm and screened out the optimal variable combination for tree-species classification, with an overall accuracy of 84.4% (kappa coefficient = 0.794). Then, we used ALS data to perform tree segmentation in forest plots to extract tree height, crown size, crown projected area, and crown volume. According to multivariate nonlinear fitting, the parameters of the individual-tree structure were introduced into the constant allometric ratio (CAR) biomass model to establish the biomass models of three tree species: Douglas fir, Red alder, and Bigleaf maple. The results showed that the model-fitting effects were improved after introducing the crown parameters. In addition, we also found that better tree segmentation results led to more accurate structural parameters.