Asymmetric Cell Division and Satellite Cell Fate Regulation in Skeletal Muscle Aging and Disease

Review Asymmetric Cell Division and Satellite Cell Fate Regulation in Skeletal Muscle Aging and Disease Shenghe Wang 1,2, Guangchuang Yu 3 and Liwei Xie 1,4,5,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China 2 Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical university, Yinchuan 750004, China 3 Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 4 School of Life and Health Sciences, Fuyao University of Science and Technology, Fuzhou 350109, China 5 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China * Correspondence: xielw@gdim.cn Received: 29 July 2024; Revised: 30 September 2024; Accepted: 20 October 2024; Published: 30 October 2024 Abstract: Satellite cells, the resident muscle stem cells, play a crucial role in skeletal muscle regeneration, growth, and repair. Asymmetric cell division is a critical process regulating satellite cell self-renewal and differentiation, and is governed by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Key biomarkers of satellite cell characteristics, such as Pax7, MRFs, and Sprouty1, are essential in maintaining satellite cell homeostasis. Signaling pathways, including Notch, Wnt, TGF-β, FGF2, and the PAR complex, intricately regulate satellite cell division and fate determination. Asymmetric division is orchestrated through the establishment of cell polarity and differential distribution of fate determinants. Aging and diseases like Duchenne muscular dystrophy disrupt asymmetric division, leading to impaired satellite cell function and muscle regeneration. Potential therapeutic strategies aim to rejuvenate satellite cells and promote muscle regeneration by targeting the gut microbiome, utilizing gene editing technologies, and harnessing the power of exercise-induced factors. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing satellite cell behavior and Keywords should be in lowercase and separated by semicolons. Developing innovative therapies hold promise for combating age-related muscle deterioration and pathological conditions characterized due to impaired muscle regeneration. Future research should focus on unraveling the complex regulatory networks and translating findings into effective clinical applications to restore muscle function.