Effects of beta‐tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles on the properties of a thermosensitive chitosan/collagen hydrogel and controlled release of quercetin

Abstract In the present study, an inorganic matrix of beta‐tricalcium phosphate (bTCP) nanoparticles and quercetin was incorporated into an organic matrix of 2:1 (w/w) chitosan/collagen composite to fabricate thermosensitive bTCP‐chitosan/collagen‐quercetin hydrogels. A sol–gel transition of the hydrogels was stimulated by beta‐glycerophosphate (bGP) and temperature changes at physiological temperature and pH levels. Thereafter, the effects of 1%–3% (w/v) bTCP on properties of the bTCP‐bGP‐2:1 (w/w) chitosan/collagen hydrogels were investigated. Notably, the incorporation of 1%–3% (w/v) bTCP in the hydrogels did not interfere with the gelation process and time of the hydrogels at physiological temperature and pH levels. The bTCP‐hydrogels exhibited a porous structure, interconnecting pore architecture, and median pore size of 100–200 μm. The incorporation of 3% bTCP increased the mechanical strength but decreased the swelling and degradation rates, pore size, permeability, and quercetin release rate of the hydrogels. The hydrogels were noncytotoxic and able to support cell encapsulation. A sustained quercetin release profile of the 3% bTCP‐hydrogel further suggested the applicability of the hydrogel as a delivery vehicle of natural flavonoids for bone regeneration.