Biogenic volatile organic compound emission characteristics of dominant tree species in temperate broad-leaved Korean pine forests in Northeast China

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play important roles in atmospheric chemistry, ozone formation, and secondary organic aerosol production. However, field-based measurements of species-specific BVOC emissions and emission factors remain scarce for temperate broad-leaved Korean pine forests in Northeast China. In this study, BVOC emissions from five dominant tree species ( Pinus koraiensis , Quercus mongolica , Tilia amurensis , Acer mono , and Fraxinus mandshurica ) were quantified using in situ dynamic headspace sampling coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Seasonal variation patterns, diurnal dynamics, compound composition, and environmental responses were analyzed. Remarkable interspecific differences in BVOC composition and emission rates were observed. Pinus koraiensis was dominated by monoterpene emissions, whereas broad-leaved species were primarily dominated by isoprene. Quercus mongolica exhibited the highest isoprene proportion (93.6%) and the highest overall emission rates among the investigated species. Monoterpene composition also differed substantially among tree species. BVOC emissions exhibited pronounced seasonal and diurnal variation patterns, with emission rates generally peaking during summer and around midday. Temperature exerted stronger effects on BVOC emissions than photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) across most species. This study provides field-based species-specific BVOC emission data and standardized emission factors for dominant tree species in temperate broad-leaved Korean pine forests of Northeast China. The results improve the understanding of BVOC emission patterns in temperate forest ecosystems and may help reduce uncertainties in regional BVOC emission inventories and atmospheric chemistry modeling.