Recent Advances in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Gas Sensors: Design Strategies and Sensing Applications

Gas sensors are essential in areas such as environmental monitoring, industrial safety, and healthcare, where the accurate detection of hazardous and volatile gases is crucial for ensuring safety and well-being. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are crystalline porous materials composed of metal nodes and organic linkers, have recently emerged as a versatile platform for gas sensing due to their adjustable porosity, high surface area, and diverse chemical functionality. This review provides a detailed overview of MOF-based gas sensors, beginning with the fundamental sensing mechanisms of physisorption, chemisorption, and charge transfer interactions with gas molecules. We explore design strategies, including functionalization and the use of composites, which improve sensitivity, selectivity, response speed, and durability. Particular attention is given to the influence of MOF morphology, pore size engineering, and framework flexibility on adsorption behavior. Recent developments are showcased across various applications, including the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), greenhouse gases, toxic industrial chemicals, and biomedical markers. Finally, we address practical challenges such as humidity interference, scalability, and integration into portable platforms, while outlining future opportunities for real-world deployment of MOF-based sensors in environmental, industrial, and medical fields. This review highlights the potential of MOFs to transform next-generation gas sensing technology by integrating foundational material design with real-world applications.