The therapeutic effect of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on potential biochemical pregnancy in patients with unexplained repeated transplantation failure (RIF): a case series and literature review

Biochemical pregnancy is a type of embryo transfer failure, patients with unexplained repeated implantation failure (RIF) also have higher biochemical pregnancy rate. Our study intends to evaluate the effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in patients with unexplained RIF with low hCG levels in early pregnancy.Unexplained RIF patients with low hCG levels after embryo transfer were allocated. G-CSF were administrated from the ninth days after embryo transfer. Clinical pregnancy, miscarriage and live birth rates were evaluated.The clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were 52.5% and 30%.G-CSF is an effective treatment for potential biochemical pregnancy in unexplained RIF patients.