Synergistic passivation of perovskite surfaces using a multi-functional four-end zwitterionic amino acid

Through NH 3 + occupying A-sites and COO − passivating B-sites, ZAA forms a stable “quadrupedal anchoring” mode on the perovskite surface. ZAA allH and ZAA CF could passivate undercoordinated Pb, reduce surface states, and resist water invasion.