Application and mechanism of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of ginkgo flavonol glycosides with natural deep eutectic solvent-based supramolecular solvents

To address potential issues such as low efficiency, prolonged processing time, the environmental friendliness deficiency of traditional extraction processes of ginkgo flavonol glycosides, this study adopted an ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Ginkgo Flavonol Glycosides with natural deep eutectic solvent-based supramolecular solvent/equilibrium solution (NADES-SUPRAS/EqS). With the assistance of ultrasound, this method achieved an efficient and green extraction process, especially demonstrating significant advantages in reducing extraction time. Through experimental optimization, the optimal conditions were determined as follows: ultrasonic power 160 W, treatment duration 15 min, solid-to-liquid ratio 40 mg/mL, and extraction temperature 30 ℃. Under these conditions, the yield of Ginkgo Flavonol Glycosides reached 8.025 mg/g. Recovery experiments confirmed excellent recyclability of the NADES-SUPRAS/EqS solvent, achieving a flavonol glycoside recovery rate of 91.3 %. This approach holds significant potential for industrial-scale production of Ginkgo Flavonol Glycosides. Microstructural analysis revealed that the NADES-SUPRAS/EqS solvent formed normal micellar vesicles with a hydrophobic core and hydrophilic corona, and the combination of ultrasonic action could effectively disrupt the cell walls of Ginkgo leaves. Density functional theory (DFT)-based molecular modeling elucidated the extraction mechanism, demonstrating strong hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions between the NADES-SUPRAS/EqS solvent and rutin. The significance of this research lies in offering a reference framework for green and efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction studies of natural bioactive compounds, which may provide a feasible technical solution for production of ginkgo flavonol glycosides.