Conductive domain walls in x-cut lithium niobate crystals

Conductive ferroelectric domain walls have been the focus of intensive studies in nanoelectronics due to their promising electronic properties. Here, both head-to-head and tail-to-tail domain walls with a large inclination angle (≈90°) were fabricated on the surface of x-cut nominally pure congruent lithium niobate crystals. Our results show that both types of domain walls are conductive, while the conductivity of the head-to-head domain walls is larger than that of the tail-to-tail domain walls by about two orders of magnitude at the same inclination angle of domain walls.