An amino acid-fortified in situ encapsulation strategy for constructing highly active enzyme@HOF biocomposites

HOF encapsulation endows the resulting HOF biocomposites with 2.5-333.3-fold enhancements in bioactivity compared to the conventional DMF-mediated HOF recrystallization method. Furthermore, the recovery of -COOH groups significantly facilitates enzyme loading in the biocomposites by increasing the number of available hydrogen bonding sites, while preserving bioactivity well. This work offers a sustainable platform for advanced bio-nano catalytic systems while addressing critical environmental and biocompatibility concerns in enzyme immobilization.