CNT/PVA-PVA double-layer hydrogel interfacial evaporators for stable solar desalination and water purification

with an efficiency of 92.85% when exposed to simulated seawater under 1.0 sun illumination. In addition, the NaCl crystals formed on the B-CPVA surface can be fully dissolved in approximately 53 minutes, achieving effective salt removal through a self-cleaning mechanism. The organic solutions (MO and RhB) treated with this evaporator became colorless and transparent, and UV-visible spectroscopy revealed the complete disappearance of characteristic absorption bands. confirming the excellent pollutant purification ability of this material, which provides a highly efficient solution for solar desalination applications.