Nanoengineered Bifidobacterium bifidum with Optical Activity for Photothermal Cancer Immunotheranostics

fluorescent expression in implanted colorectal cancerous tumors. Moreover, the powerful photothermal conversion of the functional bacteria could be spatiotemporally evoked by biologically penetrable near-infrared laser for effective tumor regression in mice, with the help of immunological responses. Our study demonstrates that a nanoengineering approach can provide the strong physicochemical traits and attenuation of living bacterial cells for cancer immunotheranostics.