Ultrasound-optimized decellularization and functional modification for enhanced vascular grafts

Abstract This study aimed to improve the efficiency of decellularization and enhance the functional properties of vascular grafts to optimize their application in vascular repair. Rabbit abdominal aortas were used as the decellularization target, and ultrasound-assisted decellularization was performed using intermittent ultrasound at 100 W power, 20 kHz frequency, and 4 °C. Rabbit abdominal aortas were subjected to three different decellularization techniques. Based on comparative evaluation, ultrasound-assisted decellularization was implemented to enhance cell removal efficiency. In addition, dual-factor surface modification was performed using sodium heparin (HEP) and vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) to investigate anticoagulant and endothelialization potential. Ultrasound optimization enhanced decellularization efficiency by 1.5 times, increased matrix integrity to 85%, and decreased chemical residues by 30%. Dual-factor functionalization with HEP and VEGF165 improved anticoagulant properties by 40%, prolonged thrombus formation time by 45%, and enhanced endothelialization by 68%. In vivo animal studies demonstrated a 93% blood flow patency rate post-implantation, with superior tissue repair compared to the control group. This study presents an innovative approach that integrates ultrasound optimization and functional modification, addressing the limitations of traditional decellularization methods. It offers a high-performance, low-toxicity strategy for developing vascular grafts with significant clinical potential, particularly for small-diameter vascular applications.