Mechanically Adaptive, Self-Adhesive, Conductive, Cross-Linked Interpenetrating Zwitterionic Hydrogel Sensor for Simultaneous Wound Healing and Monitoring

Hydrogel-based flexible biosensors can monitor biological parameters by responding to changes in the external environment, such as humidity, temperature, pH value, etc., which are converted into electrical signals or other measurable physical quantities. However, balancing biosensors' mechanical, adhesion, and electrical properties is challenging. Here, we design a multifunctional zwitterionic hydrogel-based biosensor with a cross-linked interpenetrating network structure, which consists of covalent and various noncovalent interactions, creating synergistic effects. The unique structure endows the hydrogel with excellent mechanical properties (0.13 ± 0.03 MPa), mechanical stability (10 cycles), and robust bonding strength (32 ± 2 KPa). Remarkably, the synergistic effect gives the hydrogels high conductivity (4.01 ± 0.2 S/m) and sensing ability (GF = 6.28). Noticeably, this synergistic effect improves the comprehensive performance of traditional biosensors and simultaneously endows them with wound-healing monitoring functions. Therefore, multifunctional and high-performance hydrogel-based flexible biosensors display great potential for application in intelligent wound management.