Interaction between inflammation and biofilm infection and advances in targeted biofilm therapy strategies

Biofilms are aggregates of bacteria, primarily regulated by quorum sensing (QS) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) mechanisms. Inflammation is the immune system's response to tissue damage and infection, which is regulated by a variety of cytokines and mediators. Bacterial biofilm intensified the development of inflammation, and inflammation of the microenvironment in turn promoted bacterial biofilm formation and diffusion, forming a positive feedback loop of "inflammation-biofilm", leading to the treatment-resistant of related infections. A deep understanding of the treatment of inflammatory and recalcitrant biofilm disease might offer important diagnostic and therapeutic perceptions. Therefore, this review summarizes the role of biofilm in different inflammatory diseases, and the complex interactions between bacterial biofilm infections and host inflammatory responses are emphasized. Finally, the current treatment methods for bacterial biofilm infection are also discussed, and specifically highlights biofilm infection treatments based on nanocomposite materials, aiming to provide insights and guidance for research and clinical management of biofilm-associated diseases.