Unsaturated fatty acid perturbation combats emerging triazole antifungal resistance in the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus

ABSTRACT Contemporary antifungal therapies utilized to treat filamentous fungal infections are inhibited by intrinsic and emerging drug resistance. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop novel antifungal compounds that are effective against drug-resistant filamentous fungi. Here, we utilized an Aspergillus fumigatus cell-based high-throughput screen to identify small molecules with antifungal activity that also potentiated triazole activity. The screen identified 16 hits with promising activity against A. fumigatus . A nonspirocyclic piperidine, herein named MBX-7591, exhibited synergy with triazole antifungal drugs and activity against pan-azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates. MBX-7591 has additional potent activity against Rhizopus species and CO 2 -dependent activity against Cryptococcus neoformans . Chemical, genetic, and biochemical mode of action analyses revealed that MBX-7591 increases cell membrane saturation by decreasing oleic acid content. MBX-7591 has low toxicity in vivo and shows good efficacy in decreasing fungal burden in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Taken together, our results suggest MBX-7591 is a promising hit with a novel mode of action for further antifungal drug development to combat the rising incidence of triazole-resistant filamentous fungal infections. IMPORTANCE The incidence of infections caused by fungi continues to increase with advances in medical therapies. Unfortunately, antifungal drug development has not kept pace with the incidence and importance of fungal infections, with only three major classes of antifungal drugs currently available for use in the clinic. Filamentous fungi, also called molds, are particularly recalcitrant to contemporary antifungal therapies. Here, a recently developed Aspergillus fumigatus cell reporter strain was utilized to conduct a high-throughput screen to identify small molecules with antifungal activity. An emphasis was placed on small molecules that potentiated the activity of contemporary triazole antifungals and led to the discovery of MBX-7591. MBX-7591 potentiates triazole activity against drug-resistant molds such as A. fumigatus and has activity against Mucorales fungi. MBX-7591’s mode of action involves inhibiting the conversion of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids, thereby impacting fungal membrane integrity. MBX-7591 is a novel small molecule with antifungal activity poised for lead development.