Regulatory roles of three miRNAs on allergen mRNA expression in Tyrophagus putrescentiae

BACKGROUND: Tyrophagus putresecentiae is an important mite species in rural and urban environments, causing sensitization and allergic disease. While evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) may regulate the expression of allergen-encoding genes, no study has directly investigated this possibility. Here, this gap was addressed by profiling miRNAs and elucidating their target allergen messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in this mite species. METHODS: Small RNA and transcriptome libraries were constructed for eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults. After deep miRNA and whole-transcriptome sequencing were performed, the miRNA and allergen-encoding mRNA regulatory networks were explored. RESULTS: A total of 540 miRNAs were identified, including 155 with expression levels differing significantly across the four mite developmental stages (p < .01), 59 of which were novel. The mRNA expression for allergens was higher for Tyr p 1 in adults than in other developmental stages; Tyr p 2-5, 7, 10, 13, 33, and 34 in immature stages; and Tyr p 28, 35, and 36 in eggs and adults. A combined miRNA and transcriptome bioinformatics analysis showed that allergen Tyr p 3 was regulated by miRNA PC-5p-5698441_1, Tyr p 4 was regulated by PC-5p-7050653_1, and Tyr p 34 was regulated by PC-5p-5534223_1 and PC-5p-5698441_1. These three allergen mRNA and three miRNAs were identified using qRT-PCR, and their regulatory roles were confirmed by double-fluorescent reporter gene system and site-directed mutagenesis technology. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, allergen mRNA expression and miRNAs were profiled throughout the life cycle for an allergen-producing mite, and the results showed that miRNAs bind to target allergen mRNAs to regulate their expression.