The influence of pepper-derived compounds on blood pressure and heart rate: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

= 0.021), which, although statistically significant, is unlikely to be clinically meaningful. High heterogeneity was noted for SBP, and study designs, populations, intervention types, and doses varied substantially across trials. These findings indicate that capsaicinoids, capsinoids, or pepper-based interventions may slightly lower the heart rate and DBP in long-term studies, but overall effects on blood pressure are small and of uncertain clinical relevance.