Feasibility of automatic detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma (≤2 cm) in cirrhotic liver based on pattern matching and deep learning

Abstract Background and objective. Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is crucial for clinical management. Current studies have reported large HCC detections using automatic algorithms, but there is a lack of research on automatic detection of small HCCs (sHCCs). This study is to investigate the feasibility of automatic detection of sHCC (≤2 cm) based on pattern matching and deep learning (PM-DL) model. Materials and methods . A retrospective study included 5376 image sets from 56 cirrhosis patients (28 sHCC patients with 32 pathologically confirmed lesions and 28 non-HCC cirrhosis patients) in the training-validation cohort to build and validate the model through five-fold cross-validation. In addition, an external test cohort including 6144 image sets from 64 cirrhosis patients (32 sHCC patients with 38 lesions and 32 non-HCC cirrhosis patients) was applied to further verify the generalization ability of the model. The proposed PM-DL model consisted of three main steps: 3D co-registration and liver segmentation, screening of suspicious lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging images based on pattern matching algorithm, and identification/segmentation of sHCC lesions on dynamic contrast-enhanced images with convolutional neural network. Results. The PM-DL model achieved a sensitivity of 89.74% and a positive predictive value of 85.00% in the external test cohort for per-lesion analysis. No significant difference was observed in volumes ( P = 0.13) and the largest sizes ( P = 0.89) between manually delineated and segmented lesions. The DICE coefficient reached 0.77 ± 0.16. Similar performances were identified in the validation cohort. Moreover, the PM-DL model outperformed Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) in sensitivity (probable HCCs: LR-5 or LR-4, P = 0.18; definite HCCs: LR-5, P < 0.001), with a similar high specificity for per-patient analysis. Conclusion . The PM-DL model may be feasible for accurate automatic detection of sHCC in cirrhotic liver.