体细胞
背景(考古学)
抑制器
医学
基因
黑色素瘤
CTLA-4号机组
癌症
免疫疗法
疾病
封锁
发病机制
癌症研究
突变
遗传学
免疫学
生物
T细胞
免疫系统
内科学
受体
古生物学
作者
Vassiliki A. Boussiotis
摘要
One of the greatest challenges in the study and treatment of cancer has been that the disease is too heterogeneous: too many tissue types, too many etiologic factors, too much genetic diversity. After the discovery of oncogenes, it was thought that a limited number of genes, the proto-oncogenes, might turn a normal cell into a cancerous one. But soon it was discovered that tumor-suppressor genes antagonize the action of oncogenes, thus increasing genetic diversity in the context of cancer pathogenesis. To date, about 140 genes have been identified that can drive cancer growth when genetically altered.1 The discovery that driver . . .
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