Auto-floating oxygenic microalgal-bacterial granular sludge

As an emerging green wastewater treatment technology, the microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) process has attracted increasing interest under the current situation of global climate change. However, little information is available for its performance in treating municipal wastewater under outdoor conditions. Thus, this study evaluated the behaviors of MBGS for treating simulated and real municipal wastewater under natural diel conditions. The results showed that a significant accumulation of oxygen bubbles during daily operation led to the auto-floating of the conventional settable MBGS. The removal of organics was relatively stable during day-night cycles, while the removals of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were dependent on the saturated oxygen concentration over 10 mg/L in MBGS system. Furthermore, oxygen bubbles generated by photosynthesis of microalgae (Scenedesmaceae and Cyanobacteria) due to microalgae phototaxis were found to be attached onto the surface of granules, causing the auto-flotation of MBGS. The formation process of the auto-floating oxygenic MBGS was clarified and further analysis suggested that the non-aerated settable MBGS would be able to auto-float at an average outdoor light intensity of 140 μ mol/m2/s. Overall, the auto-floating oxygenic MBGS process was demonstrated to be feasible for real municipal wastewater treatment, even under rainy and cloudy days, advancing the knowledge and adding theoretical basis for its further applications.