Design and Numerical Simulation of Refractory Metal Oxides and Dichalcogenides Embedded Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

The photovoltaic cells have undergone a series of metamorphosis since the perovskite materials are being used as light absorber in it. Owing to its superior light absorbing ability, perovskite materials have offered a bit of hope for future photovoltaic application. However, the stability and toxicity of perovskite-based solar cells have always remained a major concern. In this context, electronic characteristics pertaining to compounds of refractory metals, i.e., molybdenum and tungsten; and non-toxic properties of tin halide-based perovskite material may be considered to vanquish the issues related to durability and toxicity. This paper comprehends SCAPS 1D simulation and study of tin-based perovskite solar cell structures consisting of oxides and dichalcogenides of refractory metals viz oxides of molybdenum (Mo[Formula: see text], tungsten di-selenide (WS[Formula: see text], molybdenum di-telluride (MoT[Formula: see text] and molybdenum di-sulfide (Mo[Formula: see text] as hole transport materials (HTMs). Post simulation, the optimized efficiencies were observed to be 31.95%, 30.89%, 31.92% and 31.86% for Mo[Formula: see text], WS[Formula: see text], MoT[Formula: see text] and Mo[Formula: see text], respectively. Among these, perovskite solar cell consisting Mo[Formula: see text] as hole transport layer (HTL) displayed conspicuous result exhibiting open circuit voltage ([Formula: see text] of 1.1093 V, short circuit current density ([Formula: see text] of 33.88 mA/[Formula: see text], fill factor (FF) of 85.01% and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 31.95%. These parameters indicate that oxides and dichalcogenides of refractory metals viz oxides of molybdenum (Mo[Formula: see text], tungsten di-selenide (WS[Formula: see text] and molybdenum di-telluride (MoT[Formula: see text] can be optimistic materials for future generation solar cells.