In clinics, chemotherapy is frequently used, as this is the best technique for the treatment of cancer. However, chemotherapy’s therapeutic potential is severely hampered by the disease’s heterogeneity and its nonspecific drug distribution. Nanotechnology’s use in anticancer drugs has expanded over time. Nanotechnology allows for the direct and exact targeting of chemotherapy to cancerous cells. By utilizing its great inherent physicochemical qualities to address these crucial difficulties, advances in nanomedicine have been supplying alternate yet promising options for cancer therapy. Particularly, the recently proposed catalytic nanomedicine has been proven to be a safer and more promising therapeutic approach for chemotherapy enabled by nanomedicine. Chemotherapy is valid for the nano synergist medication, which can produce poisonous substances by starting different synergist responses inside the cancer without straightforwardly depending on exceptionally harmful but nonspecific chemotherapeutic specialists. Nanomedicine can act as a flexible stage that empowers extra restorative modalities, like photothermal treatment, chemodynamic treatment, photodynamic treatment, etc., to be consistently incorporated with chemotherapy to deliver effective synergistic medicines for tumors. This is a significant reality that ought to be drawn out. In this review, the authors emphasize a comprehensive survey and synthesis of assigned studies of multimodal synergistic anticancer drugs recently developed with the help of nanomedicine and catalytic nanomedication. Additionally, a detailed introduction to the medicines’ fundamental components is provided. Some of the current issues and some future possibilities for nanomedicine-synergized chemotherapy used to treat life-threatening cancers are examined to gain an understanding of this rapidly expanding research field.