Global Advances and Innovations in Bacteria-Based Biosorption for Heavy Metal Remediation: A Bibliometric and Analytical Perspective

Abstract Industrialization and urbanization have significantly escalated the discharge of heavy metals into aquatic environments, posing serious ecological and public health risks. This study explores the global research landscape of bacterial biosorption for heavy metal removal, emphasizing advancements in methodologies and technologies that have redefined this field. A bibliometric analysis of 298 publications (1987–2024) was conducted to identify key trends, collaboration networks, and innovations. Notable advancements include the integration of nanotechnology, which has enhanced adsorption efficiency and selectivity for specific metals, and genetic engineering approaches that optimize bacterial strains for higher adsorption capacity. Furthermore, these developments have transformed traditional remediation strategies by providing cost-effective, sustainable, and scalable solutions for industries such as textiles, mining, and energy production. This study underscores the practical relevance of bacterial biosorption in wastewater treatment, achieving removal efficiencies exceeding 99% in some cases, as demonstrated by Aspergillus versicolor and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. By bridging scientific innovation with environmental sustainability, this research highlights bacterial biosorption as a pivotal green technology, offering actionable insights for industrial applications and global sustainability goals.