Metabolic characteristics of saponins from Panax notoginseng leaves biotransformed by gut microbiota in rats

leaves, which are traditionally produced as the single herb resource of 'Qiye Shenan Pian' in Chinese patent medicine. In this study, the metabolic characteristics of PNLSs were explored in rat feces. PNLSs as well as their metabolites were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). Subsequently, seventy-five metabolites were tentatively identified in the control group mainly due to the deglycosylation and dehydration biopathways, but only twenty low yields were determined in the pseudo-germ-free (GF) group. Ginsenoside compound K was the predominant metabolite in the control group. The data presented that gut microbiota played a pivotal role in the metabolic kinetics of PNLSs.