A dual-functional biodegradable composite coating fabricated on sulfonated PEEK via vacuum cold spraying: immunomodulation-driven osteointegration

, CS/TCP-SP reduced fibrous tissue thickness in a rat air-pouch model and improved bone-implant integration in rabbit cranial defects. The scalable coating strategy transforms inert PEEK into a bioactive, immunoregulatory implant, demonstrating potential to mitigate aseptic loosening and revision surgeries.