Two-dimensional materials for enhanced mid-infrared thermal management

Abstract Thermal management in the mid-infrared (MIR) range is gaining critical importance across diverse applications, such as in energy-efficient architecture and sophisticated electronic thermal regulation. However, traditional materials are often constrained by insufficient thermal conductivity, limited spectral flexibility, and susceptibility to degradation under extreme conditions, all of which undermine their effectiveness in the MIR domain. Although two-dimensional (2D) materials, including graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes), have garnered considerable attention for addressing these limitations, a thorough understanding of their structural advantages specific to MIR thermal management remains scarce. This review seeks to bridge this gap by offering a detailed structural analysis of these 2D materials within the context of MIR applications. Initially, the inherent structural features of graphene, h-BN, and MXenes are examined, illustrating how these enable advanced MIR functionalities, such as efficient radiative heating, cooling, and dynamic modulation. Subsequently, an in-depth evaluation of their performance across various application areas is provided, including thermal radiation control and spectral regulation, with insights into their domain-specific advantages. Finally, also explores the challenges and proposes future directions, highlighting structural design strategies aimed at enhancing their applicability in MIR thermal management. This review not only underscores the unique potential of 2D materials but also provides a strategic framework to inform future research and innovation in MIR thermal management technologies.