Metagenomic Insights into the Rumen Microbiome in Solid and Liquid Fractions of Yaks and their Differences Compared to Other Ruminants

ABSTRACT The rumen microbiome plays a critical role in nutrient metabolism and adaptation of the yak ( Bos grunniens ), an import livestock animal of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau renowned for their superior plant fiber degradation capacity. However, the microbiome among the different ecological niches within yak's rumen remains unelucidated. Through shotgun sequencing of rumen solid and liquid fractions from five yaks, we identified significant differences in the microbial communities and their genetic functions between the solid and liquid fractions. Solid fractions exhibited dominance by Ruminococcus , Succiniclasticum , and Aspergillus , while Prevotella , Paludibacter , Parabacteroides , and Bacteroides prevailed in liquid fractions. Comparative CAZyme profiling revealed solid fractions were significantly enriched in cellulose/hemicellulose‐targeting enzymes (GH5, GH11, and CBM63), implicating their specialization in breaking down the fibrous grasses. In contrast, liquid fractions showed higher abundances of starch‐degrading enzymes (GH13, CBM48) and host‐glycan utilizers (GH92), suggesting roles in soluble nutrient extraction and host–microbe interactions. Comparative analysis of 574 metagenome‐assembled genomes suggested that Methanomethylophilaceae _UBA71 and nitrate‐respiring Ruminococcaceae _Firm‐04 preferentially colonized in the solids, whereas propionate‐producing Quinella and animal glycan‐degrading Bacteroides were more prevalent in the liquids. Moreover, compared to Hu sheep, yak's rumen microbiome showed significantly enhanced utilization of plant polysaccharide capacity. Comparative analysis across 10 ruminant species further highlighted host phylogeny as a key driver of rumen microbiome variation. These findings advance our understanding of niche differentiation and functional specialization within the unique yak rumen ecosystem.