Mechanisms and novel therapeutic roles of bitter taste receptors in diseases

Bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) are expressed in the oral cavity, intestine, airways, and vascular smooth muscle, where they regulate physiological processes, including immune responses. However, the activation of TAS2R triggers signaling pathways that influence inflammation, metabolism, and cell proliferation, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets for diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, asthma, and cancer. Bitter compounds capable of activating TAS2R have shown potential in modulating these pathways, presenting novel opportunities for drug development. This review examines the expression of TAS2R across diverse tissues, their complex physiological roles, and potential therapeutic applications, including disease management and targeted drug delivery.