Advancements in Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Improved Waterproofing and Breathability

Abstract Electrospun nanofibrous membranes have attracted significant interest due to their captivating waterproof and breathable characteristics, stemming from the presence of interconnected and hydrophobic channels within these enhanced textiles. These distinctive traits bestow upon them substantial potential across various domains, encompassing applications in medical dressings, masks, and protective clothing. However, they also give rise to concerns about their durability, compromised waterproofing performance, limited breathability, insufficient mechanical strength, and high production costs. Furthermore, the manufacturing processes of electrospun waterproof and breathable membranes (WBMs) may carry adverse environmental implications, necessitating improvements in sustainability and ecological compatibility. This study begins with a concise overview of the operational principles and criteria for performance evaluation relevant to electrospun WBMs, providing comprehensive guidelines to drive future research. Following this, the authors delve into a thorough exploration of typical fabrication techniques and the prevailing strategies, exemplified by noteworthy ongoing research initiatives. Last, the existing challenges are outlined to foster the development of WBMs. In addition, future research directions and perspectives are presented to expedite the advancement of WBMs and support their commercial implementation. It is anticipated that this comprehensive review will offer pragmatic recommendations for researchers dedicated to the advancement of WBMs.