DC-based microgrid: Topologies, control schemes, and implementations

This article presents a state-of-the-art review of the status, development, and prospects of DC-based microgrids. In recent years, researchers’ focus has shifted to DC-based microgrids as a better and more feasible solution for meeting local loads at the consumer level while complementing a given power system's reliability, stability, and controllability. DC microgrid has an advantage in terms of compatibility with renewable energy systems (RESs), energy storage, modern electrical appliances, high efficiency, and reliability. However, the integration of different distributed generations has complicated the control of bus voltage and current. Therefore, several efforts have been made in the research community to further explore efficient control techniques for a reliable and stable DC microgrid. In spite of the numerous review papers published on DC microgrid control, so far, not any has given sufficient emphasis on the power flow analysis methods used in various DC microgrid topologies and the hybrid control topologies discussed in this review. In general, this paper presents a meticulous explanation of DC microgrid architecture; power flow analysis; control strategies with comparative analysis; challenges with recommendations; as well as classical and intelligent-based energy management strategy (EMS). Finally, suggestion for further research is presented. This review paper will go a long way in helping readers to understand the present state of development on DC microgrid control.