Bases and experimental validation of a novel VSPIN model: towards functional spin-controlled VCSELs

Optimization of spin-lasers relies on the proper design of the active medium but also on a thorough understanding of the vectorial dynamics of the electromagnetic field in the laser cavity itself. A vectorial approach based the Jones formalism associated to the resonant condition of the field in the laser cavity is derived in order to draw the main guidelines for developing functional spin-controlled VCSELs. This general modelling framework, which accounts for spin injection effects as a gain circular dichroism in the active medium, shows that any residual phase anisotropy in the laser has a detrimental role on polarization switching. The same framework, is used to propose two solutions enabling to overcome this drawback: either by compensating the phase anisotropy or by preparing the laser cavity so that its eigenstates are circularly polarized. Moreover, unlike in spin-LED, we show that the leverage effect existing in the laser due to eigenmodes coupling makes it possible to switch the laser from a polarized oscillation to the orthogonal one despite the weak spin injection efficiency due to spin decoherence. All these predictions are confirmed using external cavity VCSELs which offer an ideal playing field for experimental investigations. Based on these developments, future trends towards the achievement of efficient and compact spin-lasers will be given.