A guide to performing hazard evaluation using radiance and integrated radiance

In some cases it is appropriate to perform a hazard evaluation of diffuse laser sources and laser diodes that have a large source size in terms of radiance or integrated radiance. The method for performing a hazard evaluation in terms of radiance or integrated radiance is not well explained in the existing safety standards and not generally well known or understood in the laser safety community. This paper is intended to serve as a basic tutorial on radiance and integrated radiance and as a guide to performing hazard evaluations using radiance and integrated radiance.