Findings that were presented at the National Institute of Health (NIH) Conference on AIDS Wasting Syndrome are discussed. Discussions include an overview of wasting, wasting in pediatric AIDS, the influence of exercise and diet in wasting, the manipulation of protein synthesis and metabolism in treating wasting, and the effects of thalidomide therapy. How HIV infection affects resting energy expenditure, metabolism, and changes in energy balance, all cofactors in the development of wasting, are explained.