Hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a meta-analysis

Context Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common disorder that can cause hypertension during childhood, but the true prevalence of hypertension during childhood is not known. Objective We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of hypertension in children with ADPKD. Data sources Systematic review of articles published between 1980 and 2015 in MEDLINE and EMBASE. Study selection Studies selected by two authors independently if reporting data on prevalence of hypertension in children and young persons aged <21 years with a diagnosis of ADPKD. Observational series were included with study populations of >15 children. Articles were excluded if inadequate diagnostic criteria for hypertension were used. Studies with selection bias were included but analysed separately. Data extraction Data extracted on prevalence of hypertension, proteinuria and reduced renal function using standardised form. Meta-analysis was performed to calculate weighted mean prevalence. Results 903 articles were retrieved from our search; 14 studies met the inclusion criteria: 1 prospective randomised controlled trial; 8 prospective observational studies; and 5 retrospective cross-sectional studies. From 928 children with clinically confirmed ADPKD, 20% (95% CI 15% to 27%) were hypertensive. The estimated prevalence of proteinuria in children with ADPKD is 20% (8 studies; 95% CI 9% to 40%) while reduced renal function occurred in 8% (5 studies; 95% CI 2% to 26%). Limitations Studies showed a high degree of methodological heterogeneity (I 2 =73.4%, τ 2 =0.3408, p<0.0001). Most studies did not use ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring to diagnose hypertension. Conclusions In this meta-analysis we estimate 20% of children with ADPKD have hypertension. In the population, many children with ADPKD are not under regular follow-up and remain undiagnosed. We recommend that all children at risk of ADPKD have regular BP measurement.