Improve Metropolitan Competitiveness Through Innovation. The Critical and Moderating Role of University Spin-offs

Abstract The paper aims to explore if University spin-offs (USOs) can contribute to the innovative performance of metropolitan areas, as well as, positively, moderate the relationship between innovative performance and competitiveness in metropolitan areas. Based on a sample of 247 USOs, located in 11 Italian metropolitan areas, the results show that spin-out activities stimulate the innovative capabilities of metropolitan areas, which seem not to be influenced by their extent. Additionally, the innovative performance of metropolitan areas seems to increase their competitiveness. Nevertheless, the moderating role of USOs, in the relationship between innovation and competitiveness of the metropolitan area, is positive but slight.