Effective translocation of rigid nanoparticles across leaf surfaces by deep eutectic solvents

Nanopesticide delivery systems have great potential for agricultural production. However, rigid nanoparticles have limited absorption and uptake capabilities on the leaf surface owing to the specific structure of the leaf cell. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to design a deep eutectic solvent (DES)–mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) system using maize as a model crop to achieve efficient uptake and translocation of rigid nanoparticles by the leaf surface. In this DES–MSN system, DES modifies the arrangement and spatial structure of lignin and cellulose, thus regulating the function of the leaf barrier and enhancing penetration. Moreover, the DES and MSNs are connected by strong hydrogen bonds, enabling efficient absorption and translocation of rigid nanoparticles on the leaf surface through a “drag” effect. After applying the DES–MSN system on the leaf surface, the distribution and transport characteristics of the pesticide in the plant were considerably altered, as a rapid and enhanced accumulation of pesticides in the roots was achieved. Therefore, our research provides a simple and feasible approach for designing and constructing novel nanopesticides.