Directional Biomimetic Scaffold-Mediated Cell Migration and Pathological Microenvironment Regulation Accelerate Diabetic Bone Defect Repair

revealed that the scaffold inhibited pathways associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and bone resorption, including AGE-RAGE, NF-κB, and osteoclast differentiation, while simultaneously activating key pathways related to angiogenesis and bone regeneration, such as TGF-β, PI3K-AKT, and Wnt pathways. These findings indicate that the D-GSH@QZ scaffold can provide an optimal 3D microenvironment for diabetic bone repair.