Current trends and challenges in infective endocarditis

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a complex disease with increasing global incidence. This review explores recent trends in IE infection patterns, including healthcare-associated IE (HAIE), drug-use-associated IE (DUA-IE), multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), and challenges in managing prosthetic valve and device-related infections. Staphylococcus aureus has emerged as the leading cause of IE, especially in HAIE and DUA-IE cases. Increasingly prevalent MDROs, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci, pose further clinical challenges. Advances in molecular diagnostics have improved the detection of culture-negative endocarditis. The introduction of the AngioVAC percutaneous aspiration device promises to change the management of right and possibly some left sided IE. Multidisciplinary team management and early surgery have demonstrated improved outcomes including partnerships with psychiatry and addictions services for those with intravenous DUA-IE. IE presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to evolving infection patterns, MDROs, and HAIE. Early diagnosis using advanced imaging, appropriate early antimicrobial therapy, and multidisciplinary care, including timely surgery, are critical for optimizing patient outcomes.