Probiotic Lactobacillus‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Insights Into Disease Prevention and Management

Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) have emerged as versatile and promising tools for therapeutic interventions across a spectrum of medical applications. Among these, Lactobacillus-derived extracellular vesicles (LDEVs) have garnered significant attention due to their diverse physiological functions and applications in health advancement. These LDEVs modulate host cell signaling pathways through the delivery of bioactive molecules, including nucleic acids and proteins. The immunomodulatory properties of LDEVs are important, as they have been shown to regulate the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in various diseases. These LDEVs play a crucial role in maintaining gut homeostasis by modulating the composition and function of the gut microbiota, which has implications for health conditions, including inflammatory bowel diseases, metabolic disorders, and neurological disorders. Furthermore, LDEVs hold potential to deliver therapeutic payloads to specific tissues or organs. Engineered LDEVs can be loaded with therapeutic agents such as antimicrobial peptides or nucleic acid-based therapies to treat various diseases. By leveraging the unique properties of LDEVs, researchers can develop innovative strategies for disease prevention, treatment, and overall well-being. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic benefits of LDEVs and their implications for promoting overall well-being.