Surface modification of intraocular lenses with zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine) for posterior capsular opacification prevention

plasma activation, forming a stable antifouling interface. The CBMA-coated surface exhibited reduced water contact angle and smooth, uniform morphology while preserving optical transparency. Both anti-adhesion assays and IOL implantation studies confirmed that the highly antifouling CBMA coating markedly inhibited LEC adhesion, suppressed PCO formation, and maintained excellent biocompatibility. This work establishes a surface modification approach that integrates zwitterionic chemistry with clinical biomaterials, providing a promising pathway toward next-generation IOLs with intrinsic PCO-preventive functionality.